He aha te Rama Whakatakoto?

Ina tomo koe ki tētahi whare hou, ki tētahi tari, ki tētahi wāhi hokohoko rānei, tera pea ka kite koe i tētahi āhuatanga rama ngawari engari he pānga nui: he mārama ngawari, he ōrite e puta tika mai ana i te tuanui, kāore he rama nunui e iri ana ki raro. Tērā pea kei te titiro koe ki ngā rama tuanui huna—he otinga rama rongonui e whakakotahi ana i te mahi me te hoahoa ātaahua. Engari he aha rawa te rama huna, ā, he aha i waiho ai hei whiringa matua mā ngā kaipupuri whare me ngā kaihoahoa? I roto i tēnei aratohu, ka whakamāramahia e mātou ngā kaupapa matua o ngā rama huna tuanui, mai i ō rātou wāhanga matua me ngā painga ki ngā momo rerekē e wātea ana me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te mea tika mō tō wāhi. Ahakoa kei te whakamahere koe i tētahi whakahoutanga whare, kei te hiahia noa rānei koe ki ngā kōwhiringa rama, ma tēnei tuhinga koe e hoatu ki a koe ngā mōhiotanga katoa e hiahiatia ana e koe.

He aha tonu te rama whakamuri o te tuanui?

Ko te rama tuanui whakatōtō—e kiia ana ko "ngā rama whakatōtō," "ngā rama kēne," "ngā rama raro" rānei (ahakoa kāore ngā rama raro katoa e whakatōtō ana)—he waeine rama kua tāutahia ki rotote tuanui, kaua e whakairihia ki runga, kaua hoki e iri mai i runga. Kāore i rite ki ngā rama whakatārewatanga, ngā rama tautau, ngā rama whakairi-waewae rānei e puta mai ana i te mata o te tuanui, ka noho ngā rama huna ki te tuanui (ki raro iho rānei), ka hanga he āhua ma, he āhua kore raruraru.

I tōna pūtake, e toru ngā wāhanga matua o te rama tuanui kua whakatōkia:

1. Whare Noho (Ka taea)Ko te "kēne" whakarewa, kirihou rānei e whakaurua ana ki roto i te kōhao o te tuanui, e pupuri ana i ngā wāhanga o roto katoa, e tautoko ana hoki i te hanganga. Kei te wātea ngā whare i roto i ngā rahi rerekē (ko te nuinga he 4-inihi, 5-inihi, 6-inihi rānei te whānui) kia uru ki ngā hōhonutanga me ngā momo pūangi o te tuanui.
2. KutiKo te wāhanga e kitea ana o te taputapu e hipoki ana i te āputa i waenga i te whare me te tuanui. He maha ngā momo kāhua o te whakapaipai—mai i ngā hoahoa ātaahua, iti ki ngā kōwhiringa whakapaipai—me ngā rauemi pēnei i te konganuku, te kirihou, te karāhe rānei, e āhei ai koe ki te whakataurite ki te whakapaipai o tō wāhi.
3. Pūangi, Wāhanga LED rāneiKo te pūtake mārama tonu. Ahakoa he maha ngā rama incandescent, halogen rānei i whakamahia i ngā rama tawhito, ko ngā tauira hou he rama LED, he kōwae LED whakauru rānei, e pai ake ai te whai hua o te pūngao me te roa ake o te ora.

Kotahi te rerekētanga matua hei mōhio: Kāore e rite katoa ngā rama huna. Ko ētahi he mea hanga mō ngā hanganga hou (ka tāutahia i te wā e hangaia ana te tuanui), ko ētahi he mea "whakahou" (he mea hanga kia uru ki ngā tuanui o nāianei me te kore e pakaru nui). Nā tēnei ngāwari ka pai ngā rama huna o te tuanui mō ngā hanganga hou me ngā kaupapa whakahou.

He aha i whiriwhiri ai i ngā rama huna o te tuanui? Ngā painga matua

Kua piki haere te rongonui o ngā rama huna o te tuanui mō tētahi take—he maha ngā painga e wātea ana mō te nuinga o ngā wāhi. Anei ngā painga matua o te whakamahi i ngā rama huna:

1. Hoahoa Penapena Wāhi me te Hoahoa Iti

Ko te mea tino kukume i ngā rama huna ko tōna kaha ki te pupuri i te tuanui kia ma, kia tuwhera hoki. Nā te mea kua tāutahia ki te tuanui, kāore e nohoia he wāhi tirohanga, kāore hoki e iri ki raro, he mea pai mō:

• He iti ngā tuanui: Ka taea e ngā rama whakairi te whakawhāiti i ngā tuanui iti, engari mā ngā rama huna ka noho tuwhera, ka hauhautanga hoki te wāhi.
• Rūma iti: Mā te hoahoa iti noa ka kore e kīkī te rūma i te rama matotoru.
• Ngā wāhi hou, ngā wāhi o nāianei rānei: Ka whakapaipaihia ngā rama huna ki ngā rārangi maeneene, mā o ngā whakapaipai hou, ka waiho ngā huānga hoahoa kē atu (pēnei i ngā taonga whare, i ngā mahi toi rānei) hei wāhi matua.

2. Ngā Kōwhiringa Whakamārama Maha

Ehara i te mea ko te āhua anake ngā rama tuanui whakatōtō—he tino whai hua hoki mō te whakamārama. I runga i te momo pona, te whakapaipai, me te tūnga, ka taea e koe te whakatutuki i ngā pānga whakamārama rerekē:

• Rama āwhiowhioIna tāutahia ki te tauira whāiti, ka whakaratohia e ngā rama huna te māramatanga ōrite mō te rūma (hei tauira, he rūma noho, he rūma moe rānei).
• Rama mahiMā te arotahi i te mārama ki ngā wāhi motuhake (pērā i te papa kaunta o te kīhini, te tēpu tari kāinga, te kokonga pānui rānei), ka taea e ngā rama huna te whakarato i te kanapa kua whakaritea mō ngā mahi o ia rā.
• Rama whakanuiMā ngā whakapaipai ka taea te whakarerekē, ngā pūangi ahunga rānei, ka taea e ngā rama huna te whakaatu i ngā mahi toi, ngā āhuatanga hoahoa (pēnei i te ahi), ngā huānga whakapaipai rānei—ka tāpiri atu i te hohonutanga me te ātaahua o te tirohanga ki tētahi wāhi.

3. Te Whai Hua o te Pūngao (Me ngā Kōwhiringa LED)

He maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā rama tuanui hou ki ngā pūrama LED, ki ngā rama LED whakauru rānei, e tuku ana i te penapena hiko nui ki te whakataurite ki ngā pūrama incandescent, halogen rānei tuku iho. Ka iti ake te hiko e whakamahia ana e ngā LED, ā, ka roa ake te ora mō te 25 ngā wā, ko te tikanga ka iti ake te whakapaunga hiko me ngā pūrama whakakapi i roto i te wā. Hei tāpiri, ka iti ake te wera e tukuna ana e ngā rama LED, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te wera nui, ā, ka haumaru ake te whakamahi i roto i ngā tuanui he whakamarumaru (ka kōrerohia anō i muri mai).

4. Te pakari me te iti o te tiaki

He mea hanga ngā rama huna o te tuanui kia roa te mau. Kei roto i te tuanui te whare e tiakina ana, e tiaki ana i te puehu, te makuku, me ngā kino ā-tinana. Ina koa, he iti noa te tiaki e hiahiatia ana mō ngā rama LED—kāore koe e piki i te arawhata ki te whakakapi i ngā rama i ngā wā katoa pērā i ngā rama whakairi. Nā te pakari o tēnei rama, he pai rawa ngā rama huna mō ngā wāhi uaua ki te tae atu, pērā i ngā tuanui teitei, i ngā tuanui whakarunga rānei.

5. Hototahi ki ngā Pūnaha Kāinga Atamai

He maha ngā rama tuanui hou e hono ana ki te hangarau kāinga atamai. Ka kitea e koe ngā rama LED e mahi tahi ana me ngā kaiawhina reo (pēnei i a Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant rānei) me ngā taupānga atamai, e āhei ai koe ki te whakahaere i te kanapa, te pāmahana tae, tae atu ki te whakarite i ngā wātaka mai i tō waea. Ka tāpirihia e tēnei he whai wāhitanga me te whakaritenga ki tō tautuhinga rama—he tino pai mō ngā kaipupuri whare mohio ki te hangarau.

Ngā momo rama tuanui huna: Ko tēhea te mea tika māu?

Kāore e rite te hanga o ngā rama tuanui huna katoa. Ko te momo e whiriwhiria e koe ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo tuanui, te whakamahinga e hiahiatia ana, me ngā manakohanga hoahoa. Anei ngā momo e tino kitea ana hei whakaaroaro:

1. Ngā Wāhanga Whakatauranga-IC me ngā Wāhanga Kāore i te Whakatauranga-IC

Koinei tētahi o ngā rerekētanga tino nui, e pā ana ki te haumaru—ina koa mēnā he whakamarumaru tō tuanui.

• Ngā Taumata IC-Rārangi (Whakatauranga Pa-Whakamātao)Kua hangaia ēnei taputapu kia tāutahia kia pā tika ki te tuanui whakamahana. He whare ātete wera tō rātou e ārai ana i te wera nui, ka mura pea te whakamahana, ka puta ai he ahi. Ko ngā taputapu kua whakatauria he IC e hiahiatia ana e ngā ture hanga (pēnei i te US National Electrical Code, NEC) i te nuinga o ngā wāhi noho he tuanui whakamahana.
• Ngā Wāhanga Kāore i te Whakatauranga ICKāore e taea te tāuta i ēnei taputapu tata ki te whakamarumaru - me noho kia 3 inihi te iti rawa o te mokowā i waenganui i te taputapu me tetahi whakamarumaru. He mea noa te whakamahi i ēnei i roto i ngā tuanui kāore i te whakamarumaru (pērā i ngā rūma o raro, i ngā karāti rānei) i ngā wāhi rānei kāore he whakamarumaru. He tūponotanga haumaru, he takahi ture hoki te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu kāore i te whakamanahia e te IC tata ki te whakamarumaru.

2. Ngā Hanganga Hou me ngā Whakahoutanga o ngā Whare

E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, ka whakarōpūtia ngā taputapu huna e ai ki te āhua o te tāutanga:

• Ngā Taputapu Hanga HouKa tāutahia ēnei i te wā e hangaia ana, i mua i te whakatūnga o te pakitara pakitara. He whāriki kei roto e piri ana ki ngā kurupae tuanui, hei tautoko pakari. Mena kei te hanga whare hou koe, kei te mahi rānei i tētahi whakahoutanga nui kei reira te tuanui e tuwhera ana, ko ngā taputapu hanga hou te huarahi hei whakamahi.
• Whakahou i ngā TaputapuHe mea hanga ēnei mō ngā tuanui o nāianei. Kāore e hiahiatia he urunga atu ki ngā kurupae tuanui mai i runga—engari, ka whakamahia he topenga, he ringaringa rānei e whānui ana i roto i te kōhao tuanui hei pupuri i te rama ki tōna tūranga. He pai ngā rama whakahou mō ngā kaipupuri whare e hiahia ana ki te tāpiri rama huna me te kore e pakaru te tuanui.

3. Ngā Taputapu Pūmau, Ngā Taputapu Whakarite rānei

Ko te ahunga o te mārama tētahi atu mea nui:

• Ngā Whakatakotoranga PūmauKa tukuna tika te mārama ki raro e ēnei rama, ka whakarato i te rama ā-taiao, i ngā rama mahi rānei. Koinei te momo e tino kitea ana, ā, he pai mō te whakamārama whānui i ngā rūma noho, i ngā rūma moe, i ngā ara raro rānei.
• Ngā Taputapu Whakarite (Gimbal, Eyeball rānei)He āhua nekeneke ēnei rama e āhei ai koe ki te koki i te mārama ki te 30, ki te 45 nekehanga rānei. He tino pai mō te whakamārama whakapaipai—ka taea e koe te whakatika i te mārama ki te whakamārama i ngā mahi toi, ngā whata pukapuka, ngā taipitopito hoahoa rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā rama gimbal ki ngā kīhini (hei whakamārama i ngā papa kaute) me ngā rūma kai (hei whakamārama i te tēpu).

4. Ngā Whakataetae Wāhi Mākū me te Wāhi Maroke

Mena kei te tāuta koe i ngā rama huna ki ngā wāhi makuku (pērā i ngā kaukau, ngā kīhini, ngā taupee o waho rānei), me whiriwhiri e koe he rama e tika ana mō ngā wāhi maku, haukū rānei:

• Ngā Taputapu Wāhi MarokeMō ngā wāhi kāore he makuku, pērā i ngā rūma noho, ngā rūma moe, ngā tari rānei, ēnei. Kāore i hangaia kia ātete ki te wai, ki te haumākū rānei.
• Ngā Taputapu Tauwāhi MakukuKa taea te whakamahi i ēnei ki ngā wāhi he haumākū ngawari, pērā i ngā kaukau (i waho o te wāhi kaukau/kaukau) me ngā kīhini (e tata ana ki ngā totohu). He ātete ki te makuku engari kāore e pāngia e te wai.
• Ngā Taputapu Wāhi MakukuHe mea hanga ēnei mō ngā wāhi e pāngia tika ana e te wai, pērā i ngā whare kaukau, ngā papa o waho, ngā wāhi puna kaukau rānei. He whare hiri kei roto hei ārai i te wai kei uru ki roto, kia haumaru ai mō ngā āhuatanga mākū.

Me pēhea te tāuta i ngā rama huna o te tuanui: DIY vs. Ngaio

Ahakoa te uaua o te tāuta i ngā rama tuanui whakatō, ka taea pea tēnei e ngā kaihanga hiko DIY me te mōhiotanga hiko taketake—ahakoa he wā anō he pai ake te utu i tētahi tohunga. Anei ngā mea me mōhio koe:

Ka taea e koe te tāuta i ngā rama huna e koe anō?

Mena kei te tāuta koe i ngā taputapu whakahou ki tētahi wāhi maroke, e taea ai te uru atu (ā, he wheako tō mahi ki te hiko), ka taea te mahi DIY. Anei tētahi tirohanga whānui taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa:

1. Whakamaherehia te WhakanohongaWhakamahia he pene hei tohu i te wāhi e hiahia ana koe kia whakanohoia ngā mea whakapaipai ki te tuanui. Kia tupato kia kaua e whakamahia he kurupae tuanui (whakamahia he taputapu kimi pou hei kimi i aua mea) ā, waiho he wāhi nui i waenga i ngā mea whakapaipai (ko te tikanga he 4–6 putu te tawhiti mō te māramatanga o te taiao).
2. Whakawetohia te HikoHaere ki tō panera hiko ka whakaweto i te pūwāhi hiko mō te wāhi e mahi ana koe. Whakamahia he taputapu whakamātautau hiko hei whakaū kua whakawetohia te hiko—kaua rawa e mahi me ngā waea ora.
3. Tapahia ngā KōhaoWhakamahia he kani poka (e rite ana ki te rahi o tō taputapu) hei tapahi i ngā kōhao kua tohua ki te tuanui.
4. Whakahaerehia te WaeaMena kei te tāpiri koe i ngā taputapu hou (kaua e whakakapi i ngā mea tawhito), me whakahaere e koe he waea hiko mai i te putanga tata, me huri rānei ki ngā wāhi o ngā taputapu. Tērā pea me whai waea hī ika mā roto i te kōhao o te tuanui—he uaua pea tēnei mahi mō te hunga tīmata.
5. Tāutahia te PūrereWhakauruhia te taputapu whakahou ki roto i te kōhao, ka whakau mā te whakamahi i ngā topenga, i ngā ringaringa rānei kua whakauruhia. Honoa ngā waea (pango ki te pango, mā ki te mā, whenua ki te whenua) mā te whakamahi i ngā nati waea, ka kuhu i ngā waea ki roto i te whare.
6. Tāpirihia te Kuti me te PūangiWhakamaua te whakapaipai ki tōna tūranga, ka tāuta i te pūrama LED, i te waeine rānei. Whakakāhia anō te hiko, ka whakamātautau i te rama.

Āhea te Utu i tētahi Kaihiko Ngaio

Ahakoa e taea ana te mahi DIY mō ngā kaupapa māmā, tera ētahi wā me utu e koe he tohunga hiko whai raihana:

• Kei te Tāuta koe i ngā Taputapu Hanga HouKo tēnei me mahi me ngā tuanui tuwhera me te tāpiri i ngā taputapu ki ngā kurupae, ka nui ake pea ngā waea uaua ake.
• Kei te mahi koe i ngā wāhi mākū, haukū rāneiKo ngā mahi hiko i roto i ngā kaukau, i ngā wāhi o waho rānei, me tino tutuki ngā ture hei ārai i ngā tūponotanga ru—e mōhio ana ngā tohunga hiko me pēhea te tāuta tika i ngā taputapu hiko kua whakamaua ki te wai.
• Kāore koe i te pai ki ngā mahi hikoMena kāore koe i te tino mōhio mō te whakaweto i te hiko, te whakaweto i ngā waea, te whai rānei i ngā ture ā-rohe, he pai ake te waiho mā tētahi tohunga e mahi. Ka taea e ngā hapa hiko te arahi ki ngā ahi, ki ngā ru, ki ngā takahi ture rānei.
• Me Whakahōu e Koe tō Papa HikoMena kāore e taea e te panera hiko o tō whare te tu atu i te kawenga tāpiri mai i ngā rama hou kua huna, ka taea e te tohunga hiko te whakapai ake i te panera kia kore ai e nui rawa ngā ara iahiko.

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā rama tuanui huna tika mō tō wāhi

He maha ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana, ā, ka uaua pea te whiriwhiri i ngā rama huna tika. Anei ngā mea matua hei whakaaroaro māu hei whakawhāiti i ō whiringa:

1. Teitei o te tuanui me te rahi o te rūma

• Teitei o te tuanuiMō ngā tuanui paerewa 8-putu te teitei, whakamahia ngā rama 4-inihi, 5-inihi rānei me te koki kurupae whaiti (120 nekehanga, iti iho rānei) kia kore ai e nui rawa te māramatanga o te rūma. Mō ngā tuanui teitei ake (9 putu, neke atu rānei), mā ngā rama 6-inihi me te koki kurupae whānui ake (150 nekehanga, neke atu rānei) ka tohatoha ōrite te mārama.
• Rahi o te RūmaI roto i ngā rūma iti (pērā i te kaukau, i te tari kāinga rānei), e ranea ana pea kia 2–4 ​​ngā rama hei whakamārama i te taiao. I roto i ngā rūma nui ake (pērā i te rūma noho, i te kīhini rānei), tāutahia ngā rama kia rite te rahi (hei tauira, 3x3, 4x4 rānei) kia ōrite ai te kapi.

2. Te Mahana me te Kanapa o te Mārama

• Te Mahana MāramaKi te inehia ki Kelvin (K), ka whakatauhia e te pāmahana mārama mēnā he mahana, he matao rānei te mārama. Mō ngā rūma moe, ngā rūma noho, ngā rūma kai rānei, whiriwhiria te mārama mā mahana (2700K–3000K) kia pai ai te āhua. Mō ngā kīhini, ngā kaukau, ngā tari kāinga rānei, he pai ake te mārama mā matao (4000K–5000K) mō te whakamārama mahi, nā te mea he kanapa ake, he kaha ake hoki.
• KanapatangaKi te inehia ki ngā lumens (lm), ko te kanapa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakamahinga o te rūma. Mō te whakamārama taiao, kia 100–200 lumens ia putu tapawha. Mō te whakamārama mahi (hei tauira, ngā papa kaunta kīhini), ko te 300–400 lumens ia putu tapawha te mea tino pai.

3. Kāhua me ngā Rauemi Whakapaipai

Ko te whakapaipai te wāhanga e kitea ana o te taputapu, nō reira me ōrite ki tō whakapaipai:

• KāhuaHe pai te whakapaipai iti (pērā i te whakapaipai whakarara, e whakaiti ana i te kanapa) i ngā wāhi hou. Ka tāpirihia e te whakapaipai whakapaipai (pērā i te whakapaipai whakarara, te whakapaipai karāhe rānei) he pānga huatau ki ngā wāhi tuku iho, ki ngā wāhi whakawhiti rānei.
• RauemiHe pakari te whakapaipai whakarewa (konumohe, parahi, parahi rānei) ā, he pai mō te nuinga o ngā momo whakapaipai. He iti ake te utu mō te whakapaipai kirihou engari kāore pea e roa te mau.

4. Te Whakatutuki i ngā Ture

Tirohia ngā ture hanga whare ā-rohe i mua i te hoko i ngā taputapu. Hei tauira:

• I te US, me whai taputapu IC-rated mō ngā tuanui whakamahana.
• I roto i te EU, me whiwhi ngā taputapu i te tiwhikete CE hei whakarite i te haumaru.
• He mea tika kia tāuta ngā taputapu kua whakaritea kia mākū ki roto i ngā whare kaukau, i ngā wāhi o waho rānei.

Whakamutunga: Ngā Rama Whakatakotoria ki te Tuanui—He Kōwhiringa Whai Hua, Āhua-Mutu

Ehara i te mea he momo rama noa iho ngā rama huna o te tuanui—he otinga whai hua, he maha ngā whakamahinga e whakarei ake ana i te āhua me te mahi o tētahi wāhi. Mai i te hoahoa iti e pupuri ana i ngā tuanui kia tuwhera ki te kaha ki te whakarato rama taiao, mahi, whakapaipai rānei, he mea motuhake ngā rama huna mō ngā kaipupuri whare katoa.

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā rama huna, kia maumahara ki te whakarite i te haumaru (whiriwhiria ngā rama IC-rated, ngā rama makuku rānei mēnā e tika ana), whakaarohia te rahi o tō wāhi me te teitei o te tuanui, ā, whakatauritea te momo whakapaipai ki tō whakapaipai. Ā, ki te kore koe e tino mōhio mō te tāutanga, kaua e mangere ki te utu i tētahi tohunga hiko ngaio—mā rātou e whakarite kia oti pai te mahi me te whai i ngā ture.

Ahakoa kei te whakahou koe i tō kīhini, kei te whakahou i tō rūma moe, kei te hanga whare hou rānei, he haumitanga atamai ngā rama tuanui whakatōkia e whakarato ana i ngā tau maha o te whakamārama pono, penapena hiko. Mā ngā rama tika, ka taea e koe te huri i tētahi rūma hei wāhi kanapa, ataahua hoki e tutuki ai ō hiahia oranga.